What we can plant and what we wish to apply to the crop. Discussions up to Nov 2017
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There is a reading list here - posted by Abi Glencross.
The background to the first decision has been carefully described by John Cherry in his first post, and which appears directly after the posting guidelines.
The seed is now on farm and I'll try to clean it up tomorrow with a view to sowing it then or on Saturday. If anyone wants to watch or join in with the Morris dance we always do when planting spelt in the spring (it helps the germination) then get in touch.
Good luck with the planting and great to hear about the involvement of a Morris dance - hope to see some photos.
We cleaned up the seed today and have half a tonne or so of small seeds and bigger bits of eat etc (pictured) if anyone wants it for eating. Or whatever. We're hoping to drill tomorrow.Holy Saturday night obviate the need for Morris dancers.
Speed the seed in perfect conditions and now rolling it in to ensure it can make best use of rain forecast for tomorrow. Also might squash a few slugs.
Predictive text...should have said sowed the seed. Picture of Bassey admiring seedbed. Mmorris dancers drunk so I did a solitary jig on your behalf.
Great news and thanks for giving our filed top priority. The uncertainty of the availability of spring seed is replaced by the uncertainties that Nature always brings. Namely the weather and perhaps cold soil. How long did it take to sow the field?
On Sunday 23 April I responded to Grahame's invitation to look at the field and the bluebells. It was the 8th day after the well travelled spelt was sown. There was nothing to see in the field. It has been dry and very cold for over two weeks.
It was very good to met John and discuss how things were going. Liza - one of he family - has just completed a very interesting dissertation on conservation agriculture. I leave it to John to report on farm activity lest I get a nuance wrong
Over lunch Grahame raised the topic of whether the group would like to know more about the economics of the OurField. activity. In other words would it be possible to account for most of the inputs including for management and stewardship. I have provided with the beginnings of a spreadsheet. Keeping detailed accounts is expensive but without such metrics it will be difficult to persuade others about the impact of the unique OurField experiment. Thanks Grahame and thanks John.
Thanks for reporting back and sorry to have missed the blue bell walk and chance to catch up. It is always useful to have more information about the mechanics of farming - the photo of the seeds coming over was enough to show me the scale, which is quite scary!
Despite the cold and dryness of the weather, the spelt is coming up nicely
There's a nice dark cloud over the village which squeezed a few drops of rain out and might give the clover a start.
Sorry not to answer Tony's question (and thanking him for coming out to see the bluebells) about how long it took to sow the field; the answer is a bit under two hours, but there was a fair bit of messing about calibrating the seed metering gear. Spelt is rather different to 'normal' cereals in that the seed remains in a floret of husk and it doesn't flow very quickly so we had to open the drill up a bit. The 1600 kg of seed that we dressed, sowed over just over 8 hectares (21 acres approx), which was just what we planned. We sowed the rest of the field with oats, so there will be porridge still for tea.
We went over it again last week (another two hours) with a set of weeding harrows and a box spinning clover and trefoil seed on at 3kg/ha. We didn't get enough rain to germinate that, but on the plus side the harrows tweaked out a few little weeds. The legumes will sprout eventually, time will tell if they can do any good. We undersowed the oats with this too, by way of adding interest.
In terms of the next decision you will need to make is whether we want to add any fertiliser and whether to spray fungicides and plant growth regulators. Without fertiliser, you probably won't need PGRs or fungicide. With thanks to @danielkindred , we had a fantastic Soil Health Test done, by NRM laboratories. I could perhaps post this if anyone is interested. My reading of this is that there is a fair bit of available nitrogen in the soil and enough of other essential nutrients to grow a crop. Daniel might read it differently. I certainly wouldn't want to apply any nitrogen with the ground being so dry and no rain forecast for a while. But it would be good to know what everybody thinks, so we can plan to act if necessary.
Hi John. Thanks for the update. If you think we will understand the soil health test it would be good to see it. When do you think we need to make the decision about which, if any, sprays to apply?
I think I have understood that one of the uses of the soil health test, too, is to gauge long term changes in fertility, soil organic carbon content etc, - in which case if the OurField group continues, and continues with the same field, and if we remember to have the same tests done annually at about the same time, and if the weather conditions at the time the samples are taken is similar, gradually we can accumulate a useful set of indicators - is that how it works? (A bit like periodic cholesterol and blood pressure tests..), or are these absolute values, useful of themselves..
__ An aerial view? __
I am very happy to say that Tony Allen has sent me a satellite image of the farm area around the OurField plot.
Find it here..
It must be an old image, as all the fields seem to have been ploughed within an inch of their lives..anyhow, it has at least revealed to me my ignorance of what area OurFieldWeston is actually cultivating. _ I have circled in red my idea about this as a first stab, and for John to laugh at, as to what I think is the area._
Now there was a drone up recently, so perhaps someone @edna has a better still-shot of the area? and perhaps with John, I can home in on an accurate representation of where we are..
Very many thanks Graham for the comments on the soil tests. I agree with Wendy that we would like to see any test results that John is prepared to share.
It is very good to see the spelt coming up despite the low temperatures and the absence of rain. . There must be some soil moisture in what is still very cold soil.
The irrigators must be getting worried about what is becoming a drought. Let there be rain - soon..
Not sure if this will work, but I hope I'm attaching Daniel's soil test. There are one or two odd things which I don't understand, like why, if we have very high soil health, do they think we should aim to reduce it. Also I didn't fill in the worm count (there were loads...trust me) or tell them what we were growing (hence no fertiliser recommendations).
To answer Grahame's post about soil tests, they are absolute values, but only relate to the spoonfuls of soil which I collected as I walked a large 'W' across the field. The aim is to collect an average sample of the soil from the whole field, so I took a little bit from here and a bit from there (approx. 20 samples) and mixed them all together. It's a snap-shot of a moment in time, but is useful to give us an idea of what's going on.
The red line on the map is only round half the field, the bit immediately to the right (up to the hedge) is yours too
That soil test is sooo interesting! The soil microbial activity is super high - amazing - do you think that is almost all down to the many years of no-till @johncherry ? Have you ever mob grazed this field? and yes that seems very bizarre that they are suggesting you decrease your soil quality?
I agree we should apply 50 kg N/ha. I would favour applying as Ammonium Nitrate rather than urea, as risk of substantial N losses to ammonia from urea less especially if soil dry.
The soil analyses done here don't really help in knowing how much N to apply. To measure available N in soil requires sampling soil to 60cm depth, keeping samples cool and lab measurement of nitrate and ammonium-N. Assuming a normal arable rotation without large applications of manure or v high organic matter soil we'd expect soil N level to be low, so normally little value in testing for soil-N. John, can you remind me of previous crop and whether any manures/composts etc have been applied in recent years.
Given that we don't know how well the Spelt will stand I think best not to apply much more than 50kg N/ha in case it causes the crop to lodge. Also applying more than 50 kg negates the benefit of the clover, assuming it comes through ok.
The P & K indices were low for this soil. We could consider applying Di-ammonium phosphate to give some phosphorous as well as nitrogen and help early growth... but probably too late now for this too give a cost effective response. We rarely see clear responses to the current crop from in season P or K fertiliser applications even in high yielding wheat crops, so unlikely to be worthwhile here. The policy for P & K is normally to apply to the soil for the long term rather than the crop in season.
1 Thank you for the soil report.
2 Have you had much rain this week?
We've been gasping for rain for weeks and now, thankfully, we've had a bit. Well, over two inches so far and it's still raining. Enough already!
The spelt looks good and is really starting to motor. We need to decide whether we want to apply some nitrogen fertiliser. I was talking to Richard the agronomist about this yesterday and his thoughts were that if we don't apply any, then we'll have a very disappointing harvest. He's recommending applying 50kg/hectare of urea now (approx. cost £20/hectare) which will give it a bit of oomph and help it grow away from the few weeds which are appearing. There is not much sign of the clover/trefoil yet, they should make an appearance now the soil is wetted through.The urea should help them get away too. Over to the collective on this decision...
How has the soil coped withe the heavy rainfall? Has it drained down into the profile effectively
How does your proposed application of nitrogen to the spelt compare with what you are doing on other spring sown grains. As we do not have an organic option I would take Richard's advice. I look forward to the discussion.
Please report in due course on how the spelt is out-competing the weeds (which ones?) or not.
All news very much appreciated. The more technical the better.
The rain has soaked in beautifully as we'd hope on soil under no-till. Couple of photos
We have unfortunately got some rather wide rows as you can see. The spelt blocked some of the metering mechanism...I don't think it'll hurt it too much, but may allow more weed growth. In the top photo you can see some sow-thistle coming. There are a few other broad-leaved weeds, but if we spray them off then we'll wipe out any clover/trefoil under-storey, so we'll keep an eye out for what comes.
@johnanthonyallan to answer your question about how much N we would normally give our spring crops...in the region of 100 to 150 kg/ha depending on what they are and how good they look
thanks so much for the photos and update @johncherry so interesting and helpful!
Nitrogen fertiliser should be applied soon to the Field at 50kg / ha
proposal by Grahame Hunter Closed Wed 31 May 2017 10:01PM
The matter proposed was to follow the recommendation of the agronomist that a small dose of Nitrogen should be applied now; there are several cogent arguments on both sides, and alternate fertilisers were also suggested - but
this proposal was rejected by the group, and the decision of the OurFieldWeston group is that no Nitrogen Fertiliser should be applied.
It has been offered by John to split the field, but that was not proposed; (although supported by 4 group members)
- furthermore at Weston there is another field of Spelt (Autumn sown), so my feeling as Facilitator is that this is not a route forward that has been endorsed by the Group.
This was with distance the largest voting turnout so far (75% of members) , so I think we can take comfort that the result is pretty decisive.
no Nitrogen
John Cherry wrote: * We need to decide whether we want to apply some nitrogen fertiliser. I was talking to Richard the agronomist about this yesterday (18th May 2017- gh) and his thoughts were that if we don't apply any, then we'll have a very disappointing harvest. He's recommending applying 50kg/hectare of urea now (approx. cost £20/hectare) which will give it a bit of oomph and help it grow away from the few weeds which are appearing.
gh comment *
It would be helpful if someone who is __ against the use of Fertiliser __ would write a reasoned argument on the main blog, please; to which if he feels inclined Richard or John can answer, in time to help everyone reach a decision for a vote closing Wednesday evening at 11pm.
Results
| Results | Option | Votes | % of votes cast | % of eligible voters | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agree | 12 | 44 | 28 | ||
| Abstain | 1 | 4 | 2 | ||
| Disagree | 14 | 52 | 33 | ||
| Block | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Not voted | 16 | 37 |
It seems sensible to feed the crop to give it a good start and get above the potential weeds.
I thought the whole idea of no tilling is to let the soil do her thing. Fertilisers aim to plants no till to soil which supports the plants. I have no experience in farming but I think we should adhere to believes and not to profit. So what if the crop won't maximise the profit! Next year it will. And maybe we will have great crop.....
I'm away so am not able to do much research but I did note down that John said the companion planting "would add diversity and a bit of N and each crop would get some benefit of disease and weed suppression. But these benefits only really apply if we go for no extra N after the seed-bed application, ie a quasi-organic approach." several months ago. If we have the option to do half with and half withouth that would be an interesting experiment.
My reasons for co-investing were to support the long-term health of the soil, with the aim of seeing if the field could transition to no chemical inputs (and even organic status if possible?) in the future. This is an important part of the experiment for me, more than making profit.
I am abstaining, not because I'm unsure but because I don't advocate the use of artificial nitrogen however without being part of a fertility building phase using clover leys I would not expect the crop to perform brilliantly without the pep pill of ammonium nitrate.
Why am I not advocating the use of a product many believe has helped to feed billions of people? Artificial fertiliser has been instrumental in huge yield increases of major food crops. But it's manufacture and use comes at a hefty price.
There is an excellent look at how artificial fertiliser came to be produced in what is known as the Haber-Bosch process by Tim Harford. He looks at the history and effects of current levels of use.
I'd like us to allow experimentation within OurField but I'd also like us to look and learn. John has an excellent approach to farming. He clearly farms with great sensitivity to the land. His methods are careful and strategic. I wish more farmers were like this. I'm not sure we can just dive in and advise against using what I'd hope is a minimum amount of artificial resource. But I would ask that we use this discussion, this pause for thought to get better acquainted with how food is produced. Maybe a longer project could look at running an organic system approach where a productive crop that can be marketed is grown while other fields are in a fertility building phase.
Meanwhile here are the words of Tim Harford -
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-38305504
To create those conditions on a scale sufficient to produce 160 million tonnes of ammonia a year - the majority of which is used for fertiliser - the Haber-Bosch process today consumes more than 1% of all the world's energy.
That is a lot of carbon emissions.
And there is another very serious ecological concern.
Only some of the nitrogen in fertiliser makes its way via crops into human stomachs, perhaps as little as 15%.
Most of it ends up in the air or water.
This is a problem for several reasons.
Compounds like nitrous oxide are powerful greenhouse gases.
They pollute drinking water.
They also create acid rain, which makes soils more acidic, disrupting ecosystems, and threatening biodiversity.
When nitrogen compounds run off into rivers, they likewise promote the growth of some organisms more than others.
The results include ocean "dead zones", where blooms of algae near the surface block out sunlight and kill the fish below.
The Haber-Bosch process is not the only cause of these problems, but it is a major one, and it is not going away.
Demand for fertiliser is projected to double in the coming century.
In truth, scientists still do not fully understand the long-term impact on the environment of converting so much stable, inert nitrogen from the air into various other, highly reactive chemical compounds.
Tim concludes that we are in the middle of a global experiment.
And of course we must eat. The more of us there are the more food must be produced. The answer is complex. Less waste, more cycling of nutrients. More value placed on food and a better return for those who produce it. But these things do not provide a quick solution.
I know that John and Richard would prefer to not spend money on fertiliser so I trust their recommendation and think we should strengthen the crop against the weeds. Question to Richard, don't the weeds benefit from the fertiliser?
It seems like this is relatively small amount of fertiliser which should help the crop to grow. While I understand Steven's point about the systemic problems with use of artificial N, I see this experiment as a way to learn about how we can produce food within the current context, including some compromises that differ from what might be an ideal method of production.
Happy in principle to go with the expert view. But can we source chemicals not from (eg) Monsanto or another big corporation please?
I wouldn't choose to put N fertilizer on crops for the reasons that Steven explains.
As others have suggested an experiment half/half would be interesting, although Richards suggestion is no doubt based upon the results of many such experiments. Having said that as no-till methods are relatively new to the UK, with its particular climatic and soil conditions, we are to some degree in less well charted territories.
I hope that improved biology in our soil can still provide a reasonable crop without the application.
After some deliberation I am voting against applying nitrogen to the spelt crop. While I think this is a quick fix for a better harvest it is more damaging in the long run for soil health and the environment. In the nature of experimentation and shared risk I would like to see what happens if we go without!
On the basis of the discussion I have changed my vote to disagree
On the basis of the discussion I have changed my vote to disagree
I feel that as this is an experimental project it would be good to see the results without.
I want to support the longer term thinking of the field and soil's health...so voting to not apply Nitrogen this time...I really hope we do still get a good crop and I'm sorry John for taking the riskier option! However if there is a chance of doing another proposal after this for a more experiment oriented approach then I would absolutely vote to go 50/50 and see the results.
For reasons already expressed above, I would rather not use Nitrogen fertiliser. Should the option of 50/50 be possible I may opt for that such that we can be able to better understand the impact on our yield.
(Thank you all for your shared research and I'm so pleased to be learning so much from this process!)
While it entails more risk, and given the assumption that a 50/50 split may not be as helpful in highlighting differences in a fair comparable time frame, I'm voting No fertiliser (see longer comment). I prefer experimenting and seeing what welse an achieve without extra fertiliser
A new proposal has been started. Loomio seems to have stopped notifying everyone about new proposals, which is the reason for this post, circulated to all paid up members who have joined the Loomio Group. (those 5 who have not joined, have no vote).
the proposal about using Nitrogen fertiliser - ends on Thursday morning at 09:00
@alexandrasexton @alfredlawrie @andreadibiagio @averilglencross @catherinearend @christinelewis @danielkindred @darren4 @edibleutopia @edna @ellemcall @emersoncsorba @carolingoethel1 @harryboglione @harrygreenfield1 @jamestickell @johnanthonyallan @karlschneider @lucybradley1 @matteodv @matthewshribman @nikireynolds @nikitagulhane @romymiller @sadhbhmoore @seangifford @sebastianpowell @shyamdesai @sineadfenton @stevenjacobs @stinewilhelmsen @tamsynforsyth @tessatricks @tristramstuart @veronicalopesdasil1 @wendyalcock
Thank you John for the information on the proposed application of nitrogen. I voted yes.
It seems sensible to give a relatively small application in that we don't want the spelt to get too tall and perhaps lodge.
The new moist conditions will I understand mean that the N will be very effective.
Do you use any sensing technique to detect what appllciation of N is needed? I understand that there is NIR (near infra red) hand held imaging equipment that is supposed to provide useful information.
Hi John, we've worked developing & testing NIR sensors for N status in crops, but there isn't yet a widely accepted approach to use this to directly give an N recommendation for wheat or barley. There certainly won't be any calibrations that are proven for spring spelt in the UK!
@grahamehunter please can we extend the deadline for this proposal until middle of next week? I think we need at least a week for people to learn what's at stake and make a decision as I feel like this is an important choice.
@johncherry @grahamehunter @abbyrose yes it would be good to hear some counter arguments for applying nitrogen. At the moment it seems like a no brainer to put a bit on and give the spelt a boost, but I am unaware of how this would affect soil health or any other issues it can cause. I'll do a little bit of research now and see what I can find.
This is an interesting read: https://www.biofortified.org/2013/04/an-unlikely-fix-nitrogen-fertilizer-and-organic-agriculture/
It hasn't helped me decide yet!
I just found this: https://www.growjourney.com/5-facts-synthetic-nitrogen-fertilizer/#.WSWOnRPytWc
I don't have time to read it now, but I will try and check it out later.
Is the deadline for voting definitely tonight? I agree with @abbyrose it would be good to have the weekend to research this @grahamehunter
I'm happy to extend deadline, in reality we are unlikely to apply nitrogen until next week now. (We've got busy silaging and it's also a bit dry on the soil surface so spread fertiliser won't soak in). 9 am Wednesday morning works for me, I'll have a word with Grahame and extend it until then.
I am reluctant to extend the vote beyond Monday; something unforseen may come up, and we may need to communicate with the group, and still leave John a margin of time to react and still be on the field if necessary commencing the Wednesday 31 May. There might even be a tied vote!
Many thanks to everyone who found, ordered and dealt with all the logistics of purchasing the seed. I have been guiltily silent throughout as I do not have the organisational skills to contribute to such activities. If I had I would have wasted other people's time.
It may be normal - John - to work through the Easter holiday. If you and your colleagues do - be sure that it will be part of the story we tell.